Jusletter IT

In Latvia, criminal proceedings have been brought against Mr Aleksandrs Ranks and Mr Jurijs Vasiļevičs, who are charged with, inter alia, the unlawful sale, as part of a criminal organisation, of objects protected by copyright and intentional unlawful use of another person’s trade mark. They are alleged to have sold various copyright-protected computer programs published by Microsoft (such as versions of the Microsoft Windows software and the Microsoft Office suite) on an online marketplace in 2004. It is estimated that they sold more than 3’000 copies of programs and the material damage caused to Microsoft by the activities of Mr Ranks and Mr Vasiļevičs has been evaluated at €265’514. 

In its judgment, the Court considers that it follows from the rule of exhaustion of the distribution right that the holder of the copyright in a computer program (in the present case, Microsoft) who has sold, in the EU, a copy of that program on a material medium (such as a CD-ROM or a DVD-ROM) with an unlimited user licence can no longer oppose the subsequent resale of that copy by the initial acquirer or subsequent acquirers of that copy, notwithstanding the existence of contractual terms prohibiting any further transfer. 

However, the questions referred concern the resale of the used copy of a computer program, stored on a non-original material medium (‘back-up copy’), by a person who acquired it from the initial acquirer or from a subsequent acquirer. 

The Court notes that the directive grants the holder of the copyright in a computer program the exclusive right to do or to authorise the permanent or temporary reproduction of that program by any means and in any form, in part or in whole, subject to the specific exceptions laid down in the directive. The lawful acquirer of a copy of a computer program, placed on the market by the rightholder or with his consent, may therefore resell that copy, provided that that sale does not adversely affect the rightholder’s exclusive reproduction right and that any acts of reproduction of that program are authorised by that rightholder or are covered by the exceptions laid down in the directive. 

In that respect, the Court points out that the directive provides that the making of a back-up copy by a person having a right to use the computer program may not be prevented by contract in so far as it is necessary for that use. Any contractual provisions contrary to that rule are to be null and void. 

The making of a back-up copy of a computer program is therefore subject to two conditions. That copy must (i) be made by a person having a right to use that program and (ii) be necessary for that use. 

According to the Court, that rule, which lays down an exception to the exclusive reproduction right of the holder of the copyright in a computer program, must be interpreted strictly. 

It follows that a back-up copy of a computer program may be made and used only to meet the sole needs of the person having the right to use that program and that, accordingly, that person cannot – even though he may have damaged, destroyed or lost the original material medium – use that copy in order to resell that program to a third party. 

The Court therefore holds that the directive must be interpreted as meaning that, although the initial acquirer of a copy of a computer program accompanied by an unlimited user licence is entitled to resell that copy and his licence to a new acquirer, he may not, however, in the case where the original material medium of the copy that was initially delivered to him has been damaged, destroyed or lost, provide his back-up copy of that program to that new acquirer without the authorisation of the rightholder. 

Judgement of the ECJ C-166/15 of 12 October 2016 in case Aleksandrs Ranks and Jurijs Vasiļevičs 

Source: Press release of the ECJ Nr. 110/16 of 12 October 2016